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Introduction & Objective: Among all of the neurologic diseases in adult life, the cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is the most common and important ones. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in basal ganglia (BG) is one of the common and major types of CVD. The relations between clot size and mortality rate, in different parts of the brain, has been addressed by several researchers. It is unclear whether such a relationship is in BG. Therefore this study was designed to find a formula that predicts outcome of hemorrhage based on clot size in BG.

Materials & Methods: This descriptive-comparative study that was carried out prospectively, conducted on all 63 patients who admitted to the hospital during one year, with definite diagnosis of ICH in BG. After urgent CT scanning, the size of hematoma was determined by scan images. Routine treatment was uniform for all patients. Focal signs and consciousness state were assessed in the first and last days of admission. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency tables and chi-square and T- test.  

Results: 33% of patients died. Hematoma size in 70% of them was larger than 5cm and in other 30% smaller. None of the hematoma with less than 4cm size was fatal. In patients with clots of 5cm or larger, the mortality was 100%.  

Conclusion: The results indicated that, there was meaningful relationship between hematoma size and mortality, in BG hemorrhages. So the clot size can be used as a factor in predicting hemorrhage outcome in BG.

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Introduction & Objective: Adiponectin secretes by adipose tissue and play an important role in hyperglycemia and inflammatory mechanism. The objective of this study was to compare the levels of adiponectin, CRP and HbA1c in diabetic and healthy women and to determine the correlation coefficient between these factors in each study group.

Materials & Methods: We designed a case-control study to assess baseline adiponectin concentrations in diabetic and healthy women. We used Spearman coefficient to determine correlation between adiponectin with ‍CRP, HbA1c.

Results: After adjusting for age and BMI, adiponectin was lower in diabetic women (7.29 ± 1.42 µg/ml) compared to healthy women (10.29 ± 1.93 µg/ml) (P<0.01) and there was a negative correlation between adiponectin with ‍CRP and HbA1c.

Conclusion: This study suggested the anti-diabeteic and anti-inflammatory properties of adiponectin.

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Background & Objective: Diabetic hyperglycemia is associated with increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS reacts with DNA results in products such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine that excrete in urine due to DNA repair processes. This study aims to evaluate correlation between oxidative damage of DNA and protein glycation in patients with Type 1 diabetes. We measured urinary 8-OHdG level in diabetic and control group and evaluated its correlation to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycated serum protein (GSP) levels. Furthermore plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level was measured as an important indicator of lipid peroxidation in diabetes.

Materials & Methods: We studied 32 patients with diabetes mellitus Type 1 and compared them with 48 sex and age-matched non-diabetic controls. GSP and MDA measurement were made by colorimetric assay. Hemoglobin A1c measured by ion-exchange chromatography method and urinary 8-OHdG measurement was made by competitive in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: In the present study urinary 8-OHdG, blood HbA1c, plasma MDA and GSP levels were significantly higher in diabetics comparing to the control subjects (P<0.05). Furthermore, we found significant correlation between urinary 8-OHdG and HbA1c (P<0.05) in diabetic group. In addition, fasting blood sugar showed significant correlation with GSP and MDA (P<0.05). However the correlation of MDA with HbA1c was not significant in diabetic patients.

Conclusion: This case-control study in young diabetic patients showed that increased blood glucose and related metabolic disorders result in oxidative stress and oxidative damage to DNA and lipids. Furthermore oxidative damage to DNA correlated to glycemic control, while there was no significant correlation between lipid peroxidation and the level of HbA1c.

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Introduction & Objective: The previous studies investigating alexithymia in psychotic patients indicated that such patients have difficulty in identifying and expressing their feelings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of alexithymia in patients with psychotic disorders, non psychotic disorders, and normal people.

Materials & Methods: In this causal-comparative study 60 psychotic, 60 non-psychotic patients and 140 students were selected via available sampling method (the results of Leven's test indicated the homogeneity of variance among the three groups). Using Torento Alexithymia Scale( TAS-20),we compared them with each others.

Results: Results showed that the extent of alexithymia in psychotic and non-psychotic patients was higher than that of normal people(P<0.001). Also the extent of difficulty in identifying , describing feelings and externally-oriented thinking is more serious in psychotic patients than in the other groups and more severe in men than women.

Conclusion: Since the findings of the study showed that psychotic patients are more inflected with high level of alexithymia , it is essential to contrive a special treatment (such as Emotional- focused therapy) to decrease alexithymia in these patients.

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Introduction & Objective: The present study aims to achieve a comprehensive depiction of ecstasy consumption among the students of Urmia University of medical sciences in 2007.

Materials & Methods: Totally 950 students were surveyed in this cross-sectional descriptive study. A census was used as a sampling method. A self-report questionnaire regarding demographic details and ecstasy consumption was completed by students. Data was stored in a database and then was analyzed through descriptive tests by SPSS software. Chi square test was used to determine the correlation coefficient. Results: There were 798 subjects of all target population who had never used this drug. However, 132 subjects (18 regularly, 56 occasionally for fun and 58 at least once) consumed ecstasy pills. Thus the point prevalence of ecstasy consumption among the students was 14.19 percent. There were 232 subjects who had never heard of the term “ecstasy". Instead, the knowledge source of the rest about ecstasy was books (116 subject), internet (56 subjects), mass media (489 subjects), friends (28 subjects), and family (2 subjects). A significant relation was observed between ecstasy consumption and other variables (parents' education, residence in student campus, attending parties, smoking, canabis and opium consumption).

Conclusion: Results of this study revealed that the point prevalence of ecstasy pills consumption among university students was 14.19% that raises the need for purposive intervention and the necessity of planning to prevent and decrease this phenomenon.

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Introduction & Objective: Staphylococcus aureus has been known as one of the most common nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Methicillin-resistant S.aureus is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens with increasing global prevalence in the recent 3 decades. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of nasal carriage of this organism in medical students because they, being potential carriers, can be considered as one of the infection sources.

Materials & Methods: In a cross-sectional study nasal swabs were collected from 258 medical students (103 males and 155 females) including: 116 preclinical, 92 clinical students and 50 residents. Samples were cultured on blood agar. S. aureus isolates were further analyzed for antibiotic resistance with agar disk diffusion method. Each person was questioned for sex, grade, recent disease and drug history and family members’ employment in hospital.

Results: 25.2% of 258 students were positive for nasal carriage of S. aureus. There was no significant difference among sexes or grades in carrier prevalence. Most isolates were resistant to penicillin (92.3%), and 47.7% were methicillin-resistant. Most methicillin-resistant strains were isolated from clinical students (87%), and most vancomycine-resistant isolates were found in residents (30.8%).

Conclusion: The rate of nasal carriage of S.aureus in medical students was similar to general population and hospital personnel but the rate of MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S.aureus carriers in the students is more than hospital personnel.

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Introduction & Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common causes of occupational injuries in most countries. The aim of this study was evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders prevalence among Hamadan general dental practitioners.

Materials & Methods: 71 dentists of Hamadan city were participated in this cross sectional descriptive study. Data were collected with standard Nordic questionnaire and were analyzed with t-test and chi square by using SPSS 16 software.

Results: 64.8 % of the dentists had one type of musculoskeletal disorders. The most common disorders in the past 12 months among the dentists were neck (49.7 %), wrist and hand (47.8 %), shoulder (29.6%), upper back (23.9 %), lower back (49.7 %), knees (14.1 %) and elbow, (1.41%) respectively.

Conclusion: The most prevalent disorders among dentists were neck, wrist and hand. Implementation of educational programs in this regard for dentists seems to be necessary.

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Introduction & Objective: The diagnostic value of endoscopic and microscopic procedures for viewing different structures of middle ear has been widely assessed however, no published study is available for comparing the diagnostic value of them in chronic otitis media patients. The present study conducted to compare diagnostic value of these two procedures for assessment of middle ear normal structures and possible defects in these patients.

Materials & Methods: In a prospective descriptive analytical study, fifty eight consecutive pa-tients older than 15 years who suffered from chronic otitis media and were candidates for tympanoplasty with or without mastoidectomy were included into the study and underwent operation. After entering the middle ear by post auricular incision and elevation of a tym-panomeatal flap, and prior to surgery , the middle ear was first examined by an operating mi-croscope in different bed and microscope positions and by performing gentle maneuvers on the head and then was reevaluated using a rigid 0 & 30 degree sinoscope. The visible areas of middle ear were separately noted.

Results: Structures of epitympanum, posterior mesotympanum, and hypotympanum structures were more visible using endoscope compared with microscope (P<0.05). Among different parts of mesotympanum, oval window, round window, and eustachian tube were more observable by the former procedure (P<0.05). Regarding evaluation of the ossicular chain mo-bility and reflexes of round window as well as ossicular chain erosions by microscope and endoscope, no significant difference was detected (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Endoscopic and microscopic procedures had similar diagnostic values to view ossicular chain mobility and reflexes of round window as well as to detect ossicular chain erosions, but different anatomical parts and more hidden pits of the middle ear such as epitympanum, posterior mesotympanum, and hypotympanum are more visible by an endoscopic tool.In case of pathologic conditions, endoscopic approach is recommended for better observation and adequate evaluation of the location before and after the removal of the lesion.

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Introduction & Objective: The plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an important regula-tor of fibrinolysis at sites of vascular injury and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of thrombosis at the arterial sites. The aim of this study was to examine the effect one month aerobic exercise and vitamin E consumption on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

Materials & Methods: In this quasi experimental study thirty inactive healthy collegiate fe-males voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into three groups: training with vitamin (endurance training accompanied by 400 IU/day vitamin E), vitamin (400 IU/day vitamin E) and control (No vitamin and no exercise training). Endurance train-ing included 4 weeks of running on treadmill, 3 days a week. The duration and intensity of exercise in each session for the first week was 30 minutes at 65% of maximum heart rat and for the three remaining weeks were increased by 5 min and 5%, respectively. Two blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after training for measuring PAI-1 antigen.

Results: Data analysis revealed that PAI-1 antigen increased in control group significantly (P≤0.05), while PAI-1 decreases and increases in training with vitamin, and vitamin groups, respectively were not statistically significant. Changes in PAI-1 were significantly different among the three groups (P≤0.05), but using analysis of covariance it was revealed that these differences were due to differences in resting levels of PAI-1.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of present study, it could be concluded that short-term regular training combined with vitamin E consumption and chronic vitamin E consumption singly result in improvements in fibrinolytic system due to decrease or prevention of PAI-1 antigen.

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Introduction: Osteosarcoma (OS) is primary malignant bone tumor in which mesenchymal cell produce osteoid. OS of jawbones is uncommon, representing 4-8% of all OS.

Case Report: This paper reports the case of a- 29 year-old female with an OS in mandibular first molar as exophitic lesion with smooth surface during 1 year. Based on the patient's symptoms, differential diagnosis was lymphoma and malignant meshenshymal tumors. Exci-sional biopsy was done and histopatholigic feature proved to be OS.

 Conclusion: Postoperatively, the patient was referred to the oncology department of Tehran Imam Khomeini hospital for further evaluation and treatment.

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Introduction: Due to the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae family, treatment of infections caused by these bacteria has been difficult. The aim of this study was to identify of class I and II integrons and associated gene cassettes in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, of 500 strains isolated from clinical samples of hospitals in Hamadan, Iran, in 2015, 129 K. pneumoniae and 118 E. coli isolates were isolated and examined. Then, the isolates were verified by standard biochemical methods and PCR was performed on class I and II integron genes using specific primers.

Results: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of class I integrons was more than class II integrons. The most frequent class I integron gene cassettes were aadA1 and dfrA7 respectively, which are resistance encoding genes for kanamycin and trimethoprim.

Conclusions: The result of this study indicated a high prevalence of class I integrons in E. coli and K. pneumonia isolates. Thus, the identification of these resistance genes for infection control programs and to prevent the spread of resistant strains is very important

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Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) are toxic for human. Silymarin is a well-known hepatoprotective drug. In this study, the nanoprecipitation technique was used for nanocrystals to improve the solubility of silymarin. The aim of this study was to analyze the protective role of silymarin and its nanocrystal on liver damage due to TiO₂ NPs in rat.

Methods: In this experimental study, rats were divided to five groups in separate cages: Control, vehicle, toxic group (150 mg/kg TiO₂ NPs for three weeks orally) as well as silymarin and silymarin NPs groups (100 mg/kg for three weeks orally after TiO₂ NPs administration). Then, the serum level of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as well as the liver histological changes were investigated.

Results: Oral administration of Tio₂ NPs resulted in significantly elevated levels of ALT, AST and ALP of serum and significantly increased the core diameter of hepatocytes (P < 0.05). Silymarin and its nanocrystal reduced the elevated liver enzyme levels and also decreased the core diameter of hepatocytes in toxic rats (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: : The results from the present study indicated that silymarin and its nanocrystal probably due to antioxidant effects cause hepatoprotective against TiO2 NPs-induced liver injury.  

 
 

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Introduction: The presence of antibiotics due to toxicity and sustainability as well as organic compounds as a combination of hard biodegradable wastewater is an undesirable issue in many industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dissolved air flotation process for aniline and penicillin G removal from aqueous solutions.

Methods: This was an empirical-lab study to which the dissolved air flotation method was applied in laboratory scale. The effects of effective parameters including concentration of coagulant poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) (10, 20, 30, 40, 60 mg/L), coagulation time (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), flotation time (5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds) and saturation pressure (3, 3.5, 4 and 4, 5 atm) on the removal efficiency of aniline and penicillin G by dissolve air flotation were studied.

Results: The results showed that dissolved air flotation method can reduce penicillin G and aniline up to 67.45% and 95%, respectively. The optimum condition was as follows: pH = 6, initial concentration of aniline = 200 mg/L, initial concentration of penicillin G = 25 mg/L, coagulation time = 10 minutes, flotation time = 10 seconds, pressure = 4 atm, and PAC concentration = 20 mg/L.

Conclusions: Dissolved air flotation process can be an effective method to remove aniline and penicillin G from aqueous solutions.

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Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Intraoperative bleeding is a significant problem, which requires hemostasis and causes prolonged operative time. Several different techniques are used to perform this operation. The Ligasure Vessel Sealing System (LVSST) has been widely used in head and neck surgery because of its effectiveness and safety.

Methods: This project was conducted at the department of otolaryngology of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. In this double-blinded clinical trial, 82 subjects, who were candidates for tonsillectomy and qualified in eligible criteria, were randomly assigned to 2 group of 41 subjects. Surgery was performed using Lvsst for one group and cold knife dissection for the other group. Measured outcomes for efficacy and adverse effect were intraoperative blood loss, operation time, post-operative pain in visual analogue scale, and post-operative bleeding for28 days after surgery. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis.

Results: Method of LVSST was significantly better than CKT in operation time and bleeding on the first day after surgery, yet, postoperative blood loss in the first week after surgery in LVSST group was significantly higher than the CKT group. Severity of sore throat after surgery with Ligasure was higher than CKT the group, however the difference was not significant. Intraoperative bleeding in the LVSST group was significantly lower than that of the CKT group (P = 0.000).

Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms LVSST was better than CKT in intraoperative (not post-operative) blood loss and operation time, yet there was no difference regarding postoperative pain. For workers with a history of allergies, this ratio is higher.

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Introduction: During the recent years, vitamin D deficiency was determined as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of vitamin D with ischemic heart disease in the city of Hamadan.

Methods: A case control-study was performed with 72 patients with ischemic heart disease, which had been confirmed by angiography in the case group. Vitamin D levels were measured in 74 patients with no disease in the control group. The results were analyzed by the SPSS-21 software and statistical tests.

Results: Overall, 31.9% of the patient group and 24.6% of the control group had deficiency of vitamin D (P = 0.04). After adjustment of all risk factors, the risk of ischemic heart disease in patients with deficiency was 2.047 times more than those with enough vitamin D (P = 0.05).

Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency could be considered as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, however more studies need to be done to confirm this relationship.

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Introduction: Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most common surgeries in children, which may be associated with a risk of recurrence of the related symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and possible predisposing and associated factors of adenoid regrowth in children under 15 years old in Besat Hospital in Hamadan.
Methods: In this analytic-descriptive study, all the patients less than 15 years old who underwent adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy in Besat Hospital in Hamadan City between 2010 and 2016 were reviewed. The charts of the patients underwent revision adenoidectomy were evaluated and their demographic data, clinical findings such as recurrence symptoms, history of allergy, reflux, and the time interval between the first and second surgeries, and the predisposing and associated factors of adenoid hypertrophy recurrence were recorded. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with SPSS 16 software.
Results: From a total of 2787 patients with adenoidectomy (2571 cases with adenotonsillectomy), 37 cases (1.3%) underwent revision adenoidectomy. Of 37 revision adenoidectomies, 48.65% were in females and 51.35% e in males. The mean age at the primary adenoidectomy was 5.16 and at the secondary (revision) adenoidectomy was 9.04 years. The mean of interval was 3.87 years between the surgeries. Also, 27% of the patients were passive smoker, 18.9% had a history of reflux and 10.8% had a history of allergic rhinitis. The most common chief complaints of the adenoid regrowth were snoring (35.1%) and mouth breathing (25.9%).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, adenoid re-growth in children under 15 years is not common (1.3%) and the predisposing factors of adenoid hypertrophy recurrence were passive smoking, reflux and allergic rhinitis, respectively. It is recommended that nasopharyngeal endoscopy be performed after the adenoid surgery.
 

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Background and Objective: Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in children. Although this surgery is technically easy, it can run a high risk of serious complications, such as laryngeal spasm, laryngitis, bleeding, pain, and nausea. The present study  aimed to assess the effect of preemptive dexamethasone on pediatric post tonsillectomy pain.
Materials and Methods: This triple-blinded clinical trial study involved a total number of  70 children within the age range of  3-15 years. They were candidates for adenotonsillectomy and were randomly assigned to two groups. One hour before the surgery, one group received intravenous dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) and the other group received distilled water intravenously. Patients' pain at 1, 4, 10, and 24 hours after the surgery, initiation of soft-diet feeding and the prevalence of nausea and vomiting were evaluated in both groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16).
Results: The total number of patients was 70 (35 in each group). Both groups were homogenous in terms of age and gender. In the intervention group, the mean score of pain in the first and fourth hours and the mean initiation time of soft- diet feeding were significantly lower, as compared to those of the control group (P <0.05). The mean score of the pain in the intervention group at hours 1,4,10, and 24 after tonsillectomy were obtained at 8.40, 5.74, 4.28, and 2.28, respectively. On the other hand, in the control group, the above mentioned mean scores were measured at 9.40, 6.80, 4.51, and 2.7 respectively (P<0.05). Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the incidence of nausea and vomiting.
Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, preemptive dexamethasone reduces the post tonsillectomy pain in the first four hours after pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Moreover, it was revealed that it accelerates the initiation of soft-diet feeding without exerting any effect on nausea and vomiting.