Volume 27, Issue 2 (Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine-Summer 2020)
Avicenna J Clin Med 2020, 27(2): 110-116 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Bazzazi N, Alizadeh M, Ahmadpanah M, Rooshenas A. Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome. Avicenna J Clin Med 2020; 27 (2) :110-116
URL: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-2070-en.html
URL: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-2070-en.html
1- Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3- Professor of Cognitive and Clinical Psychology, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran ,m1ahmad2000@gmail.com
4- General Practitioner, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3- Professor of Cognitive and Clinical Psychology, Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran ,
4- General Practitioner, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Abstract: (8254 Views)
Background and Objective: Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by visual disturbance, irritation, discomfort, and injury. Due to the impact of dry eye on vision function, daily activities, and quality of life, patients with dry eye may experience some levels of depression and anxiety. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with dry eye syndrome.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 113 female patients with the symptoms of dry eye referring to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Farshchian hospital in Hamadan, Iran, within 2018 to 2019. The subjects were evaluated by an ophthalmologist for the symptoms and signs of dry eye using the Schirmerʼs test and tear breakup time. Then, the patients with dry eye syndrome were assessed in terms of depression and anxiety by the Beckʼs Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) at a 95% confidence interval.
Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 42.90±13.50 years. The frequency rates of mild, moderate, and severe dry eye syndrome were reported as 8.8%, 64.6%, and 26.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe) were 28.3% and 54.5%, respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the dry eye score with depression (r=0.210; P=0.026) and anxiety (r=0.324; P<0.001).
Conclusion: In patients with dry eye syndrome, a significant correlation was observed between the severity of dry eye and severity of depression and anxiety, requiring further investigation. The results of this study recommend to carry out psychological studies on this group of patients simultaneously with the treatment of dry eye.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 113 female patients with the symptoms of dry eye referring to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Farshchian hospital in Hamadan, Iran, within 2018 to 2019. The subjects were evaluated by an ophthalmologist for the symptoms and signs of dry eye using the Schirmerʼs test and tear breakup time. Then, the patients with dry eye syndrome were assessed in terms of depression and anxiety by the Beckʼs Depression Inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) at a 95% confidence interval.
Results: In this study, the mean age of the patients was 42.90±13.50 years. The frequency rates of mild, moderate, and severe dry eye syndrome were reported as 8.8%, 64.6%, and 26.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety (i.e., mild, moderate, and severe) were 28.3% and 54.5%, respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between the dry eye score with depression (r=0.210; P=0.026) and anxiety (r=0.324; P<0.001).
Conclusion: In patients with dry eye syndrome, a significant correlation was observed between the severity of dry eye and severity of depression and anxiety, requiring further investigation. The results of this study recommend to carry out psychological studies on this group of patients simultaneously with the treatment of dry eye.
Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Ophthalmology (all specialties)
References
1. Janine AS. The epidemiology of dry eye disease: report of the epidemiological subcommittee of the international dry eye workshop. Ocul Surf. 2007;5(2):93-107. PMID: 17508117 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70082-4
2. Mertzanis P, Abetz L, Rajagopalan K, Espindle D, Chalmers R, Snyder C, et al. The relative burden of dry eye in patients’ lives: comparisons to a US normative sample. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(1):46-50. PMID: 15623753 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.03-0915
3. Miljanović B, Dana R, Sullivan DA, Schaumberg DA. Impact of dry eye syndrome on vision-related quality of life. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3):409-15. PMID: 17317388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.11.060
4. Daly EJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Gaynes BN, Warden D, et al. Health-related quality of life in depression: a STAR*D report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22(1):43-55. PMID: 20196982
5. Kalangara JP, Galor A, Levitt RC, Felix ER, Alegret R, Sarantopoulos CD. Burning eye syndrome: do neuropathic pain mechanisms underlie chronic dry eye? Pain Med. 2016;17(4):746-55. PMID: 26814296 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv070
6. Pepose JS, Sullivan BD, Foulks GN, Lemp MA. The value of tear osmolarity as a metric in evaluating the response to dry eye therapy in the clinic and in clinical trials. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;157(1):4-6.e1. PMID: 24220266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.10.020
7. Schein OD, Muñoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124(6):723-8. PMID: 9402817 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71688-5
8. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Florez H, Carter D, Pouyeh B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;152(3):377-84.e2. PMID: 21684522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.026
9. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Florez H, Faler AL, Zann KL, et al. Depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and dry eye syndrome: a study utilizing the national United States Veterans Affairs administrative database. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(2):340-6.e2. PMID: 22541654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.02.009
10. Kim KW, Han SB, Han ER, Woo SJ, Lee JJ, Yoon JC, et al. Association between depression and dry eye disease in an elderly population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):7954-8. PMID: 21896858 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8050
11. Miljanovic B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, Gilbard JP, Buring JE, Schaumberg DA. Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(4):887-93. PMID: 16210721 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.887
12. Lutgendorf SK, Garand L, Buckwalter KC, Reimer TT, Hong SY, Lubaroff DM. Life stress, mood disturbance, and elevated interleukin-6 in healthy older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54(9):M434-9. PMID: 10536645 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/54.9.m434
13. . Hallak JA, Tibrewal S, Mohindra N, Gao X, Jain S. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the BDNF, VDR, and DNASE 1 genes in dry eye disease patients: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(10):5990-6. PMID: 26393465 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17036
14. Hamidi R. Validity and reliability Beck depression inventory-II among the Iranian elderly population. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015;22(1):189-98. [Persian]
15. Salari-Moghaddam S, Ranjbar AR, Fathi-Ashtiani A. Validity and reliability measurement of the Persian version of anxiety control questionnaire. J Clin Psycol. 2018;9(4):33-43. DOI: 10.22075/JCP.2018.11010.1073
16. Ulusoy MO, Işık-Ulusoy S, Kıvanç SA. Evaluation of dry eye disease in newly diagnosed anxiety and depression patients using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Eye Vis. 2019;6(1):25. PMID: 31417939 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-019-0149-y
17. Bitar MS, Olson DJ, Li M, Davis RM. The correlation between dry eyes, anxiety and depression: the Sicca, anxiety and depression study. Cornea. 2019;38(6):684-9. PMID: 30950896 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001932
18. Wen W, Wu Y, Chen Y, Gong L, Li M, Chen X, et al. Dry eye disease in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in Shanghai. Cornea. 2012;31(6):686-92. PMID: 22382595 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182261590
19. Liyue H, Chiang PP, Sung SC, Tong L. Dry eye-related visual blurring and irrelative symptoms and their association with depression and anxiety in eye clinic patients. Curr Eye Res. 2016;41(5):590-9. PMID: 26337790 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1056804
20. Schaumberg DA, Dana R, Buring JE, Sullivan DA. Prevalence of dry eye disease among US men: estimates from the physicians' health studies. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(6):763-8. PMID: 19506195 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.103
21. Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(2):318-26. PMID: 12888056 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00218-6
22. Wan K, Chen L, Young A. Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye. 2016;30(12):1558-67. PMID: 27518547 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.186
23. Na KS, Han K, Park YG, Na C, Joo CK. Depression, stress, quality of life, and dry eye disease in Korean women: a population-based study. Cornea. 2015;34(7):733-8. PMID: 26002151 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000464
24. Yilmaz U, Gokler ME, Unsal A. Dry eye disease and depression-anxiety-stress: a hospital-based case control study in Turkey. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):626-31. PMID: 26150857 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.313.7091
25. Hallak JA, Tibrewal S, Jain S. Depressive symptoms in dry eye disease patients: a case-control study using the Beck Depression Inventory. Cornea. 2015;34(12):1545-50. PMID: 26426334 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000641
26. Labbé A, Wang YX, Jie Y, Baudouin C, Jonas JB, Xu L. Dry eye disease, dry eye symptoms and depression: the Beijing Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(11):1399-403. PMID: 24013959 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-303838
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Articles Copyright © The Author(s).
Owned by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences
Published by UMSHA Press
Journal Tel: +988138380924
Publisher Tel:+988138380548
Website: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir
Email: s_ journal[at]umsha.ac.ir
